Chinese history
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External Websites
- BBC News - Nanjing Massacre: Denmark honours hero who rescued Chinese
- Brookings - Thoughts on the Nanjing Massacre
- ScholarWorks@Western Michigan University - The Nanjing Massacre. Changing Contours of History and Memory in Japan, China, and the U.S.Memory in Japan, China, and the U.S.
- USC Shoah Foundation - Nanjing Massacre
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While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
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Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
External Websites
- BBC News - Nanjing Massacre: Denmark honours hero who rescued Chinese
- Brookings - Thoughts on the Nanjing Massacre
- ScholarWorks@Western Michigan University - The Nanjing Massacre. Changing Contours of History and Memory in Japan, China, and the U.S.Memory in Japan, China, and the U.S.
- USC Shoah Foundation - Nanjing Massacre
Also known as: Nanking Massacre, Rape of Nanjing
Written and fact-checked by
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: •Article History
Nanjing Massacre memorial
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- Conventional:
- Nanking Massacre
- Also called:
- Rape of Nanjing
- Date:
- December 1937 - January 1938
- Location:
- China
- Nanjing
- Participants:
- China
- Japan
- Context:
- Second Sino-Japanese War
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Top Questions
When did the Nanjing Massacre take place?
When did the Nanjing Massacre take place?
The Nanjing Massacre, also called Rape of Nanjing (December 1937–January 1938), was the mass killing and the ravaging of Chinese citizens and capitulated soldiers by soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army after its seizure of Nanjing, China, on December 13, 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War that preceded World War II.
How many people were killed during the Nanjing Massacre?
How many people were killed during the Nanjing Massacre?
Estimates of the number of Chinese killed in the Nanjing Massacre range from 100,000 to more than 300,000.
Who ordered the Nanjing Massacre?
Who ordered the Nanjing Massacre?
The destruction of Nanjing was ordered by Matsui Iwane, commanding general of the Japanese Central China Front Army. Japanese soldiers carried out Matsui’s orders, perpetrating numerous mass executions and tens of thousands of rapes. The army looted and burned the surrounding towns and the city, destroying more than a third of the buildings.
What happened to Matsui Iwane and Tani Hisao?
What happened to Matsui Iwane and Tani Hisao?
Shortly after the end of World War II, Matsui Iwane and Tani Hisao, a lieutenant general who had personally participated in acts of murder and rape, were found guilty of war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and were executed.
Nanjing Massacre, (December 1937–January 1938), mass killing and ravaging of Chinese citizens and capitulated soldiers by soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army after its seizure of Nanjing, China, on December 13, 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War that preceded World War II. The number of Chinese killed in the massacre has been subject to much debate, with most estimates ranging from 100,000 to more than 300,000.
The destruction of Nanjing—which had been the capital of the Nationalist Chinese from 1928 to 1937—was ordered by Matsui Iwane, commanding general of the Japanese Central China Front Army that captured the city. Over the next several weeks, Japanese soldiers carried out Matsui’s orders, perpetrating numerous mass executions and tens of thousands of rapes. The army looted and burned the surrounding towns and the city, destroying more than a third of the buildings. In 1940 the Japanese made Nanjing the capital of their Chinese puppet government headed by Wang Ching-wei (Wang Jingwei). Shortly after the end of World War II, Matsui and Tani Hisao, a lieutenant general who had personally participated in acts of murder and rape, were found guilty of war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and were executed.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn.
